I recreated the user onboarding in eight different high-fidelity prototyping tools to get an idea of the differences between them: Proto.io, Pixate, Framer, Facebook’s Origami, RelativeWave’s Form, Principle, Flinto for Mac and Tumult Hype 3. See how these recreations behave compared to the real thing: Pages versus Layers Why did I select these eight? I discovered that recreating something that is this animation-heavy (icons moving around in different directions and at different speeds) is not even possible in most prototyping packages. The majority of tools only let you connect static pages, while only the more complex ones let you animate different objects or layers within a given page. I’ll explain it a bit more. Page-based tools In a page-based tool, you lay out different screens, and then you make hotspots or buttons to connect them together.

You tap a button somewhere on one screen to go to another screen. Page-based tools generally also have a choice of different transitions between screens, like fade in, slide in from the right, slide up from below, etc.

It’s a bit clunky, but it’s a good way to make quick mockups when you’re still figuring out the flow of an app (which and how many screens are needed, how they would appear, where buttons should go, etc.). Examples of page-based tools are:,. Granted, in some of these tools you can have animations or scrollable areas within a page, but you cannot use them to emulate every interaction possible in real native apps. Layer-based tools Every asset, interface element, or in other words, layer can be made tappable, swipe-able, draggable but also animated.

Prototyping a complete app in a tool like this would be crazy, though; it would be too much work (you might as well build the real app). But they’re great for trying out new interactions, or for tweaking the timing of an animation. Proto.io, Pixate, Framer, Facebook’s Origami, RelativeWave’s Form, Principle, Flinto for Mac and Tumult Hype 3 are the tools I tried. So, onwards with the chosen ones. Proto.io Web-based, with players for iOS and Android. Proto.io is a surprisingly powerful web app; it has many, many functions.

But because everything works by drag-and-drop, clicking buttons and selecting values from lists, it can be a bit overwhelming sometimes to find the setting you need. Because of the nature of the IF prototype – different objects moving at different speeds – I had to add several custom JavaScript calculations. The provided single-line text field was too small for the lengthy calculations so to have an overview I kept them in a text file on my computer. Important to note is that these JavaScript expressions can fail without warning. Be sure to check the console of your web browser when something doesn’t work. (I had an error caused by a variable containing a negative value.) Previewing while creating the prototype This is rather annoying: you have to click Save Project and then Preview every time you want see the result of the changes you made.

Sending a prototype to a client. On the web: Easy – you can generate a public link, like. (These links can also be opened in a mobile browser, and added to the iOS home screen as an ‘app’.) You can also present your work to the general public in. On a device: You can make (free) Reviewer accounts for clients and give them access to a project. They can run the prototypes in the iOS or Android app. Differences between this prototype and the app Not many. The animations are less fluid, though, because I had to attach many interactions containing custom JavaScript calculations to the scrollview.

It’s not too bad on the web, but it’s way too slow on a device. Playback speed seems to be more normal for simpler prototypes. Pros. Easy to make a quick mock-up because of the extensive library of standard UI elements, many of them customizable. Proto.io is also page-based: you can have multiple screens within a single project and create transitions between screens. Dropbox syncing for assets. Cons.

No live preview. Animations can become slow when you add many interactions, like in this example. All your prototypes are saved on their web platform, which means that you can’t even run them when you would cancel your account. (There is the possibility to park your account: your projects will still be there when you reactivate your account. Parked accounts are $5 / month.). No 3D animation possible.

The prototype view (sign up to import it to your account). IOS app: Android app: Price: $29/month or $288/year for 5 active projects. There are also plans for 10, 15 or 30 active projects, and a free 15-day trial. Pixate Desktop application for OS X and Windows. Players for iOS and Android. Pixate seems to strike the right balance between ease of use and functionality: it can do a lot more than the simpler page-based tools, but the learning curve is not too steep: after going through the you will be on your way.

There are also several that you can deconstruct to see how they’re made. Previewing Pixate Studio can use Xcode’s iOS Simulator (on Mac) to run the prototype. You can also connect with the iOS or Android app over local WiFi. This works great, especially because both (Simulator + app) update instantly. Sending to a client.

When you have a Cloud plan ($5/month) you can. People can then scan the QR code on the page with the iOS or Android player to run the prototype. You can also add unlimited collaborators to your Cloud account and give them access to prototypes. They’ll have to log in to their account in the app.

Or you can simply mail somebody the.pixate file. They can then open and run it in Pixate Studio (but also see how it’s made and change it). Differences with the app. The sixth page is missing, because the canvas in Pixate is only so wide.

Pros. It’s easy to learn how to use it. Cons. Still a bit buggy; sometimes you might need to. The prototype. Mac or PC application: Mobile apps: Price: Pixate Studio Free!

(It used to be $149, until Google bought Pixate in July 2015.) Pixate Cloud $5/user/month or $50/user/year. (There is a free 30-day trial.) 3. Facebook Origami Runs in Apple’s Quartz Composer for Mac. There’s a viewer for testing on iPhone or iPad. As you probably know, Origami is built by the design team at Facebook working on.

Origami is not a standalone program, it’s kind of a plug-in for, a visual programming environment that is part of Apple’s developer tools. You program in Quartz Composer by connecting patches to each other. Different patches have different functions, and Origami is mainly a set of extra patches made for app UI design. Many people (not me, though) will prefer this to having to write code, but when you have to describe something like “if this, then do that, with the value from this calculation, but if not” you’ll still have to program, but by connecting several patches instead of writing lines of code. On a side note: IDEO also created a prototyping framework based on Quartz Composer, called. It has a few functions that might be handy for some projects: Bluetooth integration, an iOS interactive keyboard, a dial patch for scroll wheel-like interactions and a flippable card patch.

Layers can also be made draggable. Previewing. On the desktop: Quartz Composer has a viewer, and any change you make in the editor will instantly be reflected in the viewer. On a device: With the Origami Live app you can test on an iOS device plugged into your Mac. The app reacts to all gestures (taps, swipes, etc.) but is a actually just a viewport to what’s running in Quartz Composer.

So if your Mac has difficulty running the prototype at 60fps, it will not run any faster in Origami Live. Sending to a client This is going to be difficult. You can of course make a screen-recording of your prototype, but this defeats the purpose of making an interactive prototype; you might as well make something in After Effects. The only real way to try a prototype on another machine is to have the same setup.

So if your client uses a Mac, they can install Quartz Composer + Origami to run your prototypes – after registering as an Apple Developer, of course. Differences with the app It might run a bit slower than the real thing, depending on your computer. Quartz Composer is quite a power hog, and might have your computer’s fan spinning, especially when your Mac doesn’t have a powerful graphics card (like my Mac mini) or have a few monitors connected (guilty). I get maximum 20 fps, even when using just one monitor. Pros. The might be a bit lacking but there’s a very active. Plus you can find several videos, tutorials and blog posts.

Cons. It can be hard to find out how to do things and which (of the many) patches to use. It’s unclear if Quartz Composer is still in active development.

The last version is from November 2011. But at the same time, Apple would probably launch a replacement tool (for visual interaction design using Quartz) before mothballing this one.

The prototype. Mac application: iOS viewer: Price: Free!

You do need an Apple Developer account, but that’s also free, as in beer, or whatever Apple developers might drink. Framer Framer Studio is a prototyping application for Mac, but Framer.js only needs Safari or Chrome. No dragging and dropping, pushing buttons, or connecting dots here – in Framer you will have to code. Programmers will feel at home, designers maybe less so.

But it’s not too hard—Framer Studio uses a simplified version of JavaScript: CoffeeScript. But the fact that the actual engine (Framer.js) uses JavaScript makes for a lot of possibilities: you can do everything that’s possible in a web browser, so you can connect to servers to use live data, or create a Twitter client that shows real-time tweets. Previewing. On the desktop: Framer Studio has a live interactive preview on the right; it updates instantly when you change something. On a device: There are apps for Android and iOS. They all connect to Framer Studio when on the same WiFi network, and automatically refresh the prototype every time you save in Framer Studio. Sending to a client With one click you can generate a public page (like ), which can be viewed in Chrome or Safari, or in a mobile browser.

(The link can be added to the iOS home screen as an ‘app’.) The same link can also be opened in the viewers (actually just chromeless browsers) for iOS and Android. A big prototype like this one might take several seconds to load in the viewer, but then it animates smoothly.

Differences with the app This prototype does a bit more than the other four: you can switch between the Sign in, Sign up and Reset Password modes on the last page. (You cannot actually log in or sign up, but even that would have been possible to recreate in Framer.) Pros.

Integration with Sketch or Photoshop is as good as it gets: you can refer to layers or objects by the names you gave them while designing. (Framer.js has a Framer Generator Mac application included that does the same trick.). Anything that is possible with JavaScript—like using live data from web services, or using the accelerometer—is also possible in Framer. Cons. You’ll have to write code for everything, for every animation or interaction. You’ll need to be or get acquainted with CoffeeScript, maybe also JavaScript. The prototype.

Mac application: iOS apps: Android app: Price: Framer.js, the JavaScript framework, is. Framer Studio is $99. (There is a free 14-day trial) 5. Form by RelativeWave Mac application with a viewer for iPhone or iPad. Form is clearly inspired by what Facebook and IDEO are creating on top of Quartz Composer. The folks at RelativeWave probably thought, “How would Origami look without the Quartz Composer baggage?” Origami users will feel right at home; many patches are the same and Form contains only the patches you need. Previewing The prototype actually runs in the (WiFi or USB) connected iOS app.

You’ll notice that there is no readout of the values when double-clicking a connection between two patches if no device is connected. A viewer in the Mac application, like in Quartz Composer, would definitely be handy,. Sending to a client The (free) iOS viewer can open.form files, so you can just email the file to the client for them to run on their iOS device. Differences with the app Not many, I think. Let me know if you find any.

Pros. Compared to Origami: the prototype runs natively on the device, so it’s a lot more responsive compared to Origami Live. You can use your device’s camera and location.

(Origami can use your Mac’s webcam.) Cons. Same as in Origami when you have a complicated prototype: the resulting noodle soup. Grouping patches helps to keep an overview. The prototype. Mac application: iOS app: Price: Free!

The Mac application used to be $79.99, but when Google bought RelativeWave in November 2014 (only months after launch) they made it free. Principle Mac application with a player for iOS. The thing that was missing in the tools described above: timeline animation. Animating with a timeline will be familiar if you used Adobe After Effects or — remember those days? — Adobe Flash.

(I have to mention, Proto.io also uses a timeline for animating between states in a page.) Principle uses a timeline on the bottom of the screen for animating objects between pages. And there’s a second timeline: With the Drivers timeline (actually a valueline, top of the screen) you can use the continuously changing position of a draggable or scrollable layer to animate other objects in the same page. Scrolling left or right in this IF prototype drives the positioning of almost all objects. Since in this prototype the paged scrollview (a.k.a. Carousel) drives so many other objects, I had to plan well and carefully place my keypoints on the timeline.

I even had to place my screen in look-at-me-I’m-a-programmer portrait mode. (Not needed anymore: I was using the first version of Principle in which you couldn’t yet scroll the list.) But then again, the average project will not contain this many moving parts all connected to one scrolling gesture. Previewing Principle has a built-in preview window, which also lets you record a video or animated gif of a prototype. It works great. Previewing on a device is also how it should be: connect your iOS device via USB and open Principle Mirror; it will be recognized automatically. Any changes you make are updated instantly, without even needing to save.

The prototype will also continue to run after disconnecting from USB. Sending to a client The Principle Mirror iOS app can open and play Principle files. (Pro tip: A triple-tap will restart the prototype.) Note that the files are not saved in the app, so it’s best to keep the.prd file in Mail app or another place for reopening in Principle Mirror. Differences with the app None, except that the white button on page 6 is not tappable.

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I tried to add a touch down state to this button, but every interaction that is not triggered by a scroll or drag gesture needs a new page. It’s easy to duplicate an existing page and make some changes, but in this case it’s a big page, and any changes to the drivers in the original page made objects fly around unpredictably when I released the button. Pros. Timelines! A nice visual overview of every property that is animated. Quick and easy video and animated gif creation.

Cons. No 3D.

Animations always happen between pages (called artboards in Principle) representing different states, so you’ll have to create many. (Except animations driven by a scroll or drag gesture, like in this prototype.) The prototype. Mac application: iOS app: Price: Principle is $99.

There is a 14-day trial, and only the days that you actually use it are counted. Flinto for Mac Mac application with a player for iOS. At first I thought, “This is like the existing page-based Flinto (the web app) with the difference that you can tweak the transitions between pages a bit. Big deal.” But the transitions have direct feedback: when you use a swipe gesture to go to the next page, you can control the speed of the transition with your finger and go back and forth (like you often can in native iOS apps).

Plus, the fact that objects on a page can also be animated during a transition meant I could make the prototype, if I broke it up into seven pages, each with transitions between them. But that does not imply that it took more work to finish the prototype. The Transition Designer (a separate view from the canvas, in which you can quickly switch between start and end states of a transition) is a very quick way of tweaking a transition because of the direct visual feedback. I finished the IF prototype in Flinto faster than in any of the other tools I tried. The transition-based approach does have drawbacks, though: If you want to animate different properties on the same object with a different timing (say opacity + position), then you’re out of luck. As an example: the beams behind the iOS icons on page 4 stay visible when swiping to the next page because I couldn’t give the opacity animation a shorter duration. Previewing There’s a viewer in the Mac application, and you can use the iOS app (over WiFi) for a live preview.

Both work perfectly and update instantly, without even having to save to see the results of your change. Sending to a client The (free) iOS app can open.flinto files, so you can just email the file to the client for them to run on their iOS device. Differences with the app The Instagram and Google Calendar icons are in the back when swiping to page 2, because pages are on top of each other or behind each other.

The four light beams behind the iOS icons appear too early and disappear too late, because a separate timing for the opacity animation wasn’t possible; same for the notifications icon. Swiping backwards will give some animation artifacts: reversed transitions don’t always seem to work perfectly. Pros.

The Transition Designer, hands down the fastest way of tweaking a transition. Sketch import. (Only one time, though; no updating afterwards.) Cons. Limited to only transitions between pages (but a page can contain scrollable areas). Same as Principle: when a screen has different states, you’ll need to make different pages. The prototype. Mac application: Also on the iOS app: Price: Flinto for Mac is $99.

There is a free 14-day trial. Tumult Hype Mac application with a viewer for iOS.

And another tool with timeline animation! This prototype is actually kind of a hack: you’ll notice that the animation doesn’t follow your touch 100 percent. It’s an approximation.

What’s actually happening is that a horizontal pan gesture will scroll though a paused timeline. I think that I’m lucky this prototype was possible in Hype, because it probably cannot simulate all kinds of mobile interactions. But I always wanted to learn how to use Hype; it’s a great toolfor creating HTML5 animations.

Previewing Hype’s preview function (⌘⏎) opens the project in your browser of preference, or in the Hype Reflect app running on the same WiFi network. Sending to a client A Hype project is just a webpage, so you can upload to a folder and mail your client a link, or — even easier — directly from within Hype.

Differences with the app You can’t go back to a previous page because each page is another scene, with a trigger to load the next scene when you reach the end of the animation. There’s also no overshoot: you can’t scroll past the first or last page and see the animation continue. Pros. Hype can also be used for creating pretty nifty interactive websites. The Pro version ($49.99 upgrade) also does responsive layouts.

Cons. Animations don’t look as smooth as in the other tools. Probably not usable for recreating every possible app interaction, because that’s not what it’s made for. The prototype. Mac application: Also on the iOS viewer: Price: Tumult Hype 3 is $49.99. There is a free 14-day trial. If you have not yet used any of these and want some quick prototyping done:.

Flinto for Mac. or Principle But if you’re ready to invest time into learning a powerful tool, or cannot get something done in Principle:. Form, when you prefer visual programming. Framer, if you would rather write code If you’re on Windows: Pixate of Proto.io for quick prototyping and Framer.js (with CoffeeScript if you want) for the more advanced stuff. In any case, it’s good to know different tools. Try a few to get a feeling of the differences and possibilities.

I’ve gotten acquainted with all of them, so I might use different tools for different situations:. To make a tap-through prototype to figure out the flow of an app: Flinto for Mac. Any of the online page-based tools might do as well, but Flinto is pretty sweet, has the desktop advantage, and lets me work fast. When there are not yet any graphics, and a quick mock-up with standard UI elements is needed: Proto.io.

It has a library with (configurable) interface elements for iOS, Android and Windows Phone. Form when the device’s sensors or camera need to be used in a prototype. For everything else: Principle when possible, Framer when needed. A book coming up After trying these tools, I decided to write a book that teaches you how to use.

Principle 101 Simple Projects To Get You Started With Principle For Machines

Surely it’s not the easiest tool to get started with for most designers (you’ll have to write code), but it’s powerful. Code is versatile, so there are not many limits to what you can create. Framer lets you use live data in your prototypes, integrates perfectly with Sketch and Photoshop, and is expandable (you can add modules created by other users). Be sure to sign up on to know when the book is released and enjoy an early-bird discount.

Control Video With Drivers Now video time can be controlled by a driver! In the prototype above, the video layer's time is controlled by scroll offset. New Video Controls Principle 4 gives you much more control over video layers.

Videos can now be set to paused, their time and volume can be manually set, and all these values can be frozen in transitions. Audio layers also benefit from all these features! Rewritten Video and Gif export The bulk of the work in Principle 4 went into rewriting export to enable some of the most common requests from designers: 🍎 Export recordings as high quality Apple ProRes 4444 video 🖥 Export at dimensions larger than your monitor 👻 Transparency support for Gifs and ProRes files 📦 Significantly improved Gif file size 🎨 Improved Gif color and fidelity 👥 Export multiple formats of the same recording Slow motion playback Basically everyone has asked for this, and now it's here. Hold shift while interacting with the preview and all animations will run in slow motion. Animation Scrubbing Whether you're demoing an animation to others, or perfecting a transition, it can be very helpful to see an animation frame-by-frame. Now in Principle 4 you can hover over the animation timeline to scrub through the animation in the preview. Refined Input We improved some of the most common actions in Principle 4 so even the most basic editing feels great.

🖱New layers are placed by clicking and dragging 🎈Redesigned event popup 🔵 New Insert menu with rectangle, rounded rectangle, circle, and text 🔢 Control opacity with number keys ✍️ Press tab while renaming a layer to rename the next layer Performance The biggest performance issue we've seen with designers' files was that they were using images way larger than needed. These huge images would eat up memory and bring the editor to a crawl. Savvy use of smaller images would avoid this, but when you're rapidly iterating on an idea, you don't want to worry about optimizing your image sizes!

In Version 4, Principle is more intelligent about how it handles large images, which makes the editor FAST. Files that used to take multiple minutes to open, now appear in seconds and zooming and panning is always zippy. The improvements were so good that we also applied them to the iOS Mirror app to make its playback smoother.

Much More There are many more changes, fixes, and improvements that will make working in Principle feel even better. You can see the full list of changes on the. How to get it Ready to get started?.

If your license doesn't work for Principle 4, you can get a Principle 4 License from our Say Hello Principle evolves based on the feedback and enthusiasm of the Principle community, made up of people like you. If you have anything that the and don't cover,!